
<table style="text-align:center"><caption><strong>Table X12. Additional results: omitting region- and year-fixed effects.</strong></caption>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td colspan="2">Civil violence (group)</td><td>Communal violence</td><td>Communal violence</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>Maj. (model A34)</td><td>Min. (model A35)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A36)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A37)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy</td><td>-0.838</td><td>-0.874<sup>†</sup></td><td>0.951</td><td>0.034</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.537)</td><td>(0.480)</td><td>(0.670)</td><td>(0.737)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1.856<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.652)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included</td><td>-1.188<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.552</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.283)</td><td>(0.372)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.017</td><td>-0.667</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.431)</td><td>(0.463)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Excluded/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.519</td><td>0.448</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.513)</td><td>(0.491)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state)</td><td>0.195</td><td>2.251<sup>†</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.857)</td><td>(1.267)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, mean)</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.394</td><td>1.179</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.824)</td><td>(1.838)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, diff.)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.536</td><td>-0.618</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.890)</td><td>(0.927)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit)</td><td>0.366</td><td>2.998<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.585)</td><td>(0.731)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, mean)</td><td></td><td></td><td>3.069<sup>*</sup></td><td>2.959<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.192)</td><td>(1.224)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, diff.)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.972<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.911<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.431)</td><td>(0.445)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Asymmetry</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.434</td><td>0.454</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.327)</td><td>(0.322)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (unit, logged)</td><td>0.364<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.221<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.270<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.288<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.102)</td><td>(0.081)</td><td>(0.123)</td><td>(0.122)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Area (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.010</td><td>0.005</td><td>0.418<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.396<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.098)</td><td>(0.122)</td><td>(0.154)</td><td>(0.152)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Avg. ruggedness (unit)</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.0005</td><td>-0.0004</td><td>-0.0004</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Oil in unit</td><td>0.669</td><td>0.976<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.437</td><td>0.438</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.479)</td><td>(0.273)</td><td>(0.616)</td><td>(0.606)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance capital (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.043</td><td>0.209</td><td>-0.232</td><td>-0.239</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.140)</td><td>(0.155)</td><td>(0.183)</td><td>(0.179)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance border (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.177<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.027</td><td>-0.165<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.169<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.105)</td><td>(0.124)</td><td>(0.070)</td><td>(0.068)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">GDP pc. (logged)</td><td>-0.210</td><td>-0.514<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.446<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.444<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.156)</td><td>(0.126)</td><td>(0.164)</td><td>(0.162)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (state, logged)</td><td>-0.013</td><td>-0.286<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.038</td><td>-0.019</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.132)</td><td>(0.120)</td><td>(0.147)</td><td>(0.148)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Democracy</td><td>0.241</td><td>-1.317<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.889<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.886<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.493)</td><td>(0.460)</td><td>(0.495)</td><td>(0.519)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Ethnic fractionalization</td><td>-0.099</td><td>-0.146</td><td>2.120<sup>†</sup></td><td>2.074<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.857)</td><td>(1.180)</td><td>(1.254)</td><td>(1.260)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Election year</td><td>-0.459</td><td>0.314</td><td>0.184</td><td>0.188</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.283)</td><td>(0.336)</td><td>(0.204)</td><td>(0.200)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years</td><td>-0.546<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.663<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.117)</td><td>(0.123)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years 2</td><td>0.033<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.041<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.011)</td><td>(0.012)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years 3</td><td>-0.001<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.001<sup>**</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0003)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence spatial lag</td><td>1.357<sup>***</sup></td><td>1.634<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.408)</td><td>(0.463)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.271<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.280<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.094)</td><td>(0.098)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 2</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.020<sup>†</sup></td><td>0.021<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.011)</td><td>(0.011)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 3</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.0005<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.001<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0003)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence spatial lag</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.322<sup>**</sup></td><td>1.329<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.428)</td><td>(0.434)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Constant</td><td>0.115</td><td>-0.251</td><td>-6.106<sup>**</sup></td><td>-5.498<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.904)</td><td>(1.204)</td><td>(2.146)</td><td>(2.224)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">N</td><td>26,082</td><td>152,377</td><td>203,208</td><td>203,208</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Log Likelihood</td><td>-1,142.650</td><td>-1,574.579</td><td>-1,664.929</td><td>-1,655.098</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">AIC</td><td>2,325.299</td><td>3,189.158</td><td>3,377.858</td><td>3,360.195</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">† p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001; country-clustered SE’s in parentheses; maj. = second-order majority; min. = second-order minority.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">The dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if there is at least one instance of civil/communal violence involving a group/dyad in a given unit.</td></tr>
</table>
